Alluvial Soils

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ngm-bin/pdp/zui_viewer.pl?id=13063

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ngm-bin/pdp/zui_viewer.pl?id=13063

Flood Plains

Invasive Species (feral hogs)

Another Tool for monitoring a Watershed

So after reading about all the many tools that are used to monitor the health of the Chickahominy Watershed I decided I wanted to test the quality of the water at my spicot. So for just a few bucks I purchased the H2O OK Plus Water Analysis Kit. This kit was really simple to use. It comes ready to test for about 13 different contaminants. I am pleased to say that my water is good to go. See results below.

There are many tools and equipment used by many agencies in protecting and monitoring watershed quantities and quality. From the VA Dept of Environmental Quality:

     DEQ staff in each of the regional offices collect water samples on a routine schedule at more than 1,000 locations across the Commonwealth. These water samples are shipped to a state laboratory for chemical and bacterial tests. The samples are tested for levels of nutrients, solids, bacteria associated with human and animal wastes, toxic metals, some pesticides and harmful organic compounds.DEQ's scientists also perform on-the-spot field tests for dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, and additional indications of water quality. Samples from the mud at the bottom of lakes and rivers also are tested for the presence of pesticides and other harmful compounds.
The tens of thousands of samples and chemical test results generated each year are kept in a computer database. Virginia has more than 5 million water quality observations in its database, third largest among the states.

Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/WaterQualityInformationTMDLs/WaterQualityMonitoring.aspx

Biological Monitoring

  

Background

The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality's (DEQ) Freshwater Biological Monitoring Program uses the benthic macroinvertebrate community to assess the ecological health of freshwater streams and rivers. Benthic macroinvertebrates are invertebrate organisms such as insects, crustaceans, snails or worms that live on the bottom of streams and rivers which are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Because many of the organisms that make up these biological communities are extremely sensitive to pollutants, they often respond to changes in water quality caused by the introduction of various contaminants into a water body from point or non-point source pollution. In essence, benthic macroinvertebrates are considered to be virtual "living recorders" of water quality conditions over time. Analysis of the community of these organisms provides a measure of the overall water quality of a particular water body segment. The assessment is made by comparing the community of benthic macroinvertebrates collected at a "reference" stream where there are no significant disturbances, to the community of benthic macroinvertebrates collected at the stream under consideration.

DEQ's Freshwater Biological Monitoring Program is conducted out of six regional offices located throughout Virginia. These offices are located in Abingdon, Roanoke, Harrisonburg, Woodbridge, Glen Allen and Virginia Beach, each of which is staffed with two Regional Biologists, except Virginia Beach which has only one regional biologist. For contact information, visit DEQ's regional biologist contacts page.

DEQ began biological monitoring in the 1970's and the program has continued to change and evolve over time. Historically, the biological monitoring program consisted of two types of stations: repeated sampling at fixed (permanent) stations each year during the spring and fall seasons and targeted stations. These fixed stations were comprised of a reference network of ecoregional, watershed or upstream stations, selected to be representative of natural, least impaired conditions characteristic of specific stream types, against which benthic communities from targeted streams were compared to determine overall water quality. Targeted stations typically were selected to investigate specific areas or problems; for example, stream reaches below point source discharges that were generally a component of special studies designed to measure the effects of the point source. Where significant problems were found, these stream segments are placed on the 303(d) List of Impaired Water Bodies.

Biological assessments were based on Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) II procedures. These follow specific guidelines in the USEPA document "Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers" (Plafkin et al. 1989).

Recent Developments in the Biological Monitoring Program

Non-Coastal Streams

In 2003, an index of biotic integrity (IBI) was developed for Virginia freshwater non-coastal streams using historical data collected at reference and stressed streams in 1994-1998, and was tested against additional data collected in 1999-2002, with the help of EPA Region III and Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia. This review has resulted in the development of a stream condition index for use in assessing wadeable non-coastal streams. It is based upon recent advances in bioassessment methods contained in "Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Wadeable Streams and Rivers, Second Edition" (USEPA, 1999). This index, known as the Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI), a multi-metric calculation of benthic integrity into a single value, or numerical score, resulted in a single reference condition for the entire non-coastal portion of the state against which all future benthic samples will be compared. The development of this index is considered a significant step in the advancement of the biomonitoring program to address a wide range of monitoring and assessment needs. Tetra Tech produced a final written report titled "A Stream Condition Index for Virginia Non-Coastal Streams" (PDF) in September 2003. The report describes the procedures undertaken in the development of this new index. An electronic version is available by clicking the link above. Photocopies are available through the DEQ contact listed below; however, there is a charge for photocopy versions.

Using an independent, new probabilistic database (sample n=350) with data collected from 2001-2004, Virginia has validated the Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) using a spatially diverse (ecoregionally and stream size) data set free of psuedoreplication. This probabilistic data has allowed the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to narrow data gaps and test the VSCI against many classification variables, which include season, stream size, ecoregion, bioregion, river basin, and sampling technique. DEQ also reviewed the recommended best standard values for the eight core metrics. This report is Using Probabilistic Monitoring Data to Validate the Non-Coastal Virginia Stream Condition Index which focuses on the validation of the VSCI and proposes assessment recommendations.

Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain Streams

In 1995, Virginia DEQ participated in a multi-state effort that was used to revise the methods and metrics used in assessing freshwater streams in the mid-Atlantic coastal region (Maxted et al. 2000). A report "Assessment Framework for Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain Streams Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates" (MACS report) and the "Field and Laboratory Methods for Macroinvertebrates and Habitat Assessment of Low Gradient, Nontidal Streams" are available. These procedures and metrics are being used to assess the streams in the coastal plain portion of Virginia and is based upon the same assessment principles found in the 1999 EPA guidance document.

Self Assessment

A self assessment of the Biological Monitoring program was conducted by DEQ Biologists in 2008 to gain a better understanding of what the program needs to move forward in the future. This document (Benthic Biomonitoring Self-Assessment) was created to provide focus and direction to biological monitoring in Virginia for the next several years. DEQ Central Office and Regional Office staff met from February 2008 through March 2009, to identify needed guidance and data management tools related to the Biological Monitoring Program.

Citizen Water Quality Monitoring

What impact can you have on your environment? Follow the lead of other concerned citizens within the Commonwealth and become a volunteer to protect our natural resources. This page is dedicated to those citizen volunteers who monitor the streams, rivers, and lakes in their backyard. There is no limit to your contribution, you can: be a water quality monitor; participate in stream cleanups and stream bank restoration; or help educate yourself and neighbors! Keep reading for information on other volunteer activities.

Resources & Links

• Society for Freshwater Scientists
• Association of Mid-Atlantic Biologists
• National Water Monitoring Water Council
• North American Lake Management Society
• Integrated Taxonomy Information System
• Biological Indicators of Watershed Health
• Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish 2nd Ed.
• The Xerces Society
• Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program
• Freshwater Institute
• Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society
• American Fisheries Society Virginia Chapter
• USGS Real-Time Water Data for Virginia
• USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program
• Invasive Species in Virginia

Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water /WaterQualityInformationTMDLs/WaterQualityMonitoring.aspx

https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Programs/Water/WaterQualityInformationTMDLs/WaterQualityMonitoring.aspx

Risk to Watershed

Risk to Watershed

1. Population Growth: although there are many areas of Va that have seen a decrease in growth much of the Chickahominy Watershed area has seen a growth

Population growth in Virginia is reversing decades-old trend, estimates show. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2018, from http://statchatva.org/2016/01/27/population-growth-in-virginia-is-reversing-decades-old-trend-estimates-show/

2. Sprawl: along with the above mentioned population growth comes sprawl. As towns, cities and people continue to sprawl (spread), this is leading to more and more land being used for development and less used for conservation of the watershed.

3. Pollution: 

   a. The Chickahominy River and Tributaries do not meet water quality standards for bacteria (2010 303(d) lists) https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/TMDL/chickip1.pdf

    b.  Sources of  Pollution:

        I.  Failing septic systems, straight pipes, sewer overflows 

        II. Pet waste

        III. Livestock crossing streams 

        IV. Bacteria running off the land during rain events 

4. Impermeable Surfaces: with the population growth and sprawl more and more land is being covered in roads, buildings and other impermeable surfaces. These surfaces create runoff that carries debris and other pollutants into the watershed.  These impermeable surfaces do not allow the environment's natural cleaners to work. By not allowing the soils to filter the water before making into the watershed it is allowing the watershed to become polluted. 

5. Dams: See Environmental Impacts of Dams. These dams are built by humans and, within the Chickahominy Watershed, beavers. 

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.virginiaplaces.org/watersheds/fishpassage.html

    
 

Beavers: Dam Good For Songbirds. (2008, October 09). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081008151316.htm

Interesting Facts

• During the Civil War
• The Chickahominy River dominated the planning and operations of both armies
•  In 1862 and 1864, the Chickahominy River swamps frustrated attempts by federal troops to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond
• Early in the war, as federal troops were making their way from Hampton Roads toward Richmond, the Chickahominy River, its bridges flooded by spring rain, forced the federal army to split its forces isolating a regiment at the famous battle of Seven Pines
• Upon assuming field command of the Confederate army, General Robert E. Lee immediately ordered his troops to start constructing extensive earth works in the central part of the Chickahominy watershed
• Later in the war with Lee’s and Grant’s troops positioned just north of the River, worries over becoming mired in the Chickahominy’s swamps influenced troop placement for the Battle of Cold Harbor 

• Many of the trenches and mounds constructed by both armies survive today, located near Mechanicsville, along Beaverdam Creek, in Cold Harbor, and at Gaines Mill. Several of these historic battlefields are located both on private lands and in the Richmond National Battlefield Park.

• VA Dept of Environmental Quality (n.d.). Chickahominy River Watershed – Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ /ConnectWithDEQ/EnvironmentalInformation/VirginiaNaturally/k12ed/FactSheets.pdf

Mesch, A. (n.d.). Cold Harbor, VA. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from http://civil-war-journeys.org/cold_harbor_va.htm